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UDPglucuronyl transferase, 477-78 UES see esophageal sphincter, upper ulceration: anal, 391; colonic, 328-29; duodenal see duodenal ulcer disease;     esophageal, 95, 103, 112, 113, 117, 529; gastric see gastric ulcer     disease; in HIV-associated infection, 296, 299, 300; intestinal, 239, 247,     306-7; oral, 111, 311t, 313; postgastrectomy, 164t, 165 ulcerative colitis: about, 323; children, 595; clinical features, 23t, 35t, 234t,     324-27; complications, 338-44; diagnosing, 327-30, 331f, 332t, 333t;     pathophysiology, 323-24; treatment, 330, 333-38 ultrasonography, 473 ultraviolet light, 517 undifferentiated carcinoma, esophageal, 124t United States, drug research, 81 urea, 57, 250, 465 uremia, 14, 540 urine, color, 31 urobilinogen, 251, 467 ursodeoxycholic acid, 447, 555, 624t urticaria, 377 uveitis, 311t, 327, 340t -V- vagotomy: complications, 163-67, 176, 444t; increases pepsinogens,     143; to treat complicated PUD, 160-61; to treat gastrinoma,
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163; to treat gastritis, 171; to treat pyloric stenosis, 176 vagus nerves, 89 valine, 57, 205 vanadium, 57 vancomycin, 232-33, 373, 374 variceal dilation, esophagus, 89 varicella zoster, postsurgical, 549 vasculitis, 263, 277, 516 vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP): causing diarrhea, 234t, 238t, 239,     241t; in digestion, 145, 150; investigating, 21; and pancreatic secretion,     405; and pancreatitis, 411-12; secreted by islet cell tumors, 430-31 vasoconstrictors, 263, 277 vasopressin, 529 vasospasm, 268, 269, 274 venereal disease see sexually transmitted disease (STD) veno-occlusive disease, 57t, 525t, 556, 75t verapamil, 280 Vibrio cholerae, 21, 223t, 225, 234t, 235, 594 Vibrio parahaemolyticus, 223t, 225-26 villous “atrophy,” 61t vinyl chloride, 511 VIP see vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP) VIPomas, 431 viruses: causing diarrhea, 223t, 241t; HIV-associated, 293t, 299-301 vitamin A: causing liver disease, 511; deficiency, 59t, 61t, 208t, 210t,     211, 243t, 434, 435; malabsorption, 425; replacement, 220t, 517; to     treat jaundice, 624 vitamin B deficiency, 57, 59t vitamin B1 deficiency, 58t, 209t, 210t, 243t vitamin B2 deficiency, 25, 58t, 126t, 208t vitamin B6 deficiency, 25, 58t, 208t, 210t, 243t vitamin B12: absorption, 143, 186-89, 188f; deficiency, 25, 58t, 60, 61t,     167-70, 189t, 208t-9t, 210t, 211-12, 243t, 245, 310t, 408; digestion,     251; malabsorption, 252, 318, 425; replacement, 220t; to treat pernicious     anemia, 169-70 vitamin C deficiency, 58t, 208t-9t, 210t vitamin D: deficiency, 59t, 208t-9t, 210t, 211-12, 243t, 434; malabsorption,     212-13, 425; replacement, 517-18 vitamin D2, 220t, 624 vitamin E: deficiency, 59t, 61t, 211-12, 243t, 434; malabsorption,     425; replacement, 220t; to treat jaundice, 624 vitamin K: bioavailability, 464, 469; deficiency, 59t, 208t, 210t, 211, 243t,     245, 434; dietary therapy, 62; digestion, 251; malabsorption, 425;     replacement, 517 vitamin K1, 220t, 624 vitamin K3, 220t vitamins: absorption of, 185-90; deficiencies, 25, 57-59, 208t-9t, 210t, 254,     434-35, 610; dietary therapy, 61-62; digestion, 251, 401; malabsorption,     252; malassimilation, 211-12; maldigestion, 249; malnutrition, 60;     replacement, 220t; to treat jaundice, 624 vitiligo, 516 volvulus, 29, 175, 359t, 360, 572 vomit, blood in see blood in vomit vomiting see also regurgitation; about, 12-14; acute abdomen, 27; afferent     loop, 166; alcoholic hepatitis, 504; biliary colic, 446t; causes, 570t;     causing esophageal trauma, 131; children, 569-73; cholecystitis, 446t,     450; cholelithiasis, 445; diarrhea, 226; dyspepsia, 10; fatty liver, 553-54;     gastric distention, 175-76; gastric volvulus, 175; gastritis, 168;     gastroenteritis, 229; hepatitis, 485; in HIV-associated infection, 298; in     parasitic infection, 376; ischemia, 258; malassimilation, 212;     malnutrition, 25, 57, 64t; pancreatic cancer, 426; pancreatitis, 414, 420;     pyloric stenosis, 176; RAP, 566-67; ulcerative colitis, 333 vomiting centre, 13f, 13 -W- warfarin, 59t, 155 warts, anal see condylomata acuminata wasting syndrome, 304 water: absorption, 191-97, 350; contaminated, 24; in gastric juices,     141; passive absorption, 191; secreted by stomach, 139 waterbrash: about, 7-8; and esophageal disorders, 96; in GERD, 105;     vomiting, 12 weakness: in celiac disease, 243t; in liver disease, 522; in malassimilation,     206, 209t, 211-12; in malnutrition, 56; in pancreatic cancer, 426 webs, esophageal, 128 weight, children, 583-84, 585t, 589-90, 591t, 604 weight gain, in liver disease, 532 weight loss: diagnosing, 3, 14-15, 22, 25, 30, 56; HIV-associated, 291, 295,     298, 300, 304; in alcoholic hepatitis, 504; in bile duct disease, 460; in     celiac disease, 243t,
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244; in Crohn’s disease, 272, 330; in esophageal cancer, 95; in     esophageal disorders, 97; in esophageal neoplasms, 126; in gallbladder     cancer, 456; in GERD, 106; in intestinal neoplasms, 260; in ischemia,     276; in liver disease, 466t, 467, 522; in liver neoplasms, 551; in     malassimilation, 206, 208t, 211; in pancreatic cancer, 426-27; in     pancreatic insufficiency, 408; in pancreatitis, 419-20; in small bowel     ischemia, 259; in ulcerative colitis, 326-27, 330; in Whipple’s disease,     256; postgastrectomy, 164t, 167; with colic, 577; with HIV-associated     neoplasms, 302 Werner-Morrison syndrome, 431 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 58t, 210t Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 210t wheezing, 97, 106, 255 Whipple’s disease, 23t, 241t, 256 whipworm, 376 Wilson’s disease: about, 514; causing cirrhosis, 520, 521t; causing     dysphagia, 114t; causing hepatitis, 479t, 493; diagnosing, 476, 495t;     dietary therapy, 67t wind see gas withholding treatment, 76-77 World Medical Assembly, 81 -X- x-ray see barium x-ray xanthelasma, 466t, 467, 517, 519 xanthoma, 457, 466t, 467 xeroderma, 59t xerophthalmia, 59t xerosis, 208t, 210t -Y- Yersinia enterocolitica, 223t, 226-27, 595 -Z- Zenker’s diverticulum, 9, 114t, 115, 128-30, 129f zidovudine, 290 zinc: deficiency, 208t, 210t, 245; lost through diarrhea, 25; replacement,     220t; trace element, 57 Zollinger-Ellison syndrome: associated conditions, 170, 430; causing     diarrhea, 238t; causing gastric folds, 171t; diagnosing, 146, 148, 150,     162-63 zymogens, 402