-C-	Page 637
caffeine, 5, 108t, 148, 149t calcification: gallbladder, 452; pancreas, 405, 416, 418-19 calcitonin, 234t, 238t, 239 calcium: causing constipation, 19t; in acid secretion, 151; malabsorption,      212-13; malassimilation, 200-203, 204f, 209t, 211, 243t, 425;      replacement, 62, 220t, 517-18 calcium antagonists, 365t calcium channel blockers, 10, 108t, 117, 118, 123 cAMP see cyclic AMP Campylobacter jejuni, 24, 223t, 226, 291, 292t, 323, 595 cancer see neoplasms Candida albicans, 8-9, 111, 131, 170, 177, 292t, 294-96 carbenoxolone, 159 carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes, 402 carbohydrates: absorption, 199-92, 204f; digestion, 54, 201f, 250, 401,      601f, 602;; malabsorption, 602; malassimilation, 209, 211, 234t, 235t,      235-36, 249; metabolism, 51f, 464-65; replacement, 71 carbon, 193f, 193-94, 194f carbon dioxide, 236 carbon tetrachloride, 508t carboxypeptidase, 204, 402 carcinoembryonic antigen, 354 carcinoid, small intestine, 260 carcinoid syndrome, 23t, 241t, 255-56 carcinoma: adenoid cystic, 124t; adenosquamous, 124t; anal, 302; bile      duct, 311t, 339t; ductal cell, 425, 457; epidermoid, 426; esophagus,      124t; gallbladder, 456, 515t, 516; giant cell, 426; hepatocellular, 57t,      497, 505, 513, 549-52; pancreas, 425-29; squamous cell, 112-13,      124t, 125-28 carcinosarcoma, esophageal, 124t cardiopulmonary resuscitation, 176 Caroli’s disease, 456-57, 518 carotene deficiency, 245, 435 carotenemia, 31 catecholamines, 49, 50t, 52 catheterization, 72-73 CCK see cholecystokinin (CCK) cefotaxime, 536 ceftriaxone, 292t, 373, 391 celiac disease: about, 242-43; clinical features, 21, 23t, 241t, 243t, 243-44;      complications, 247-48; dietary therapy, 62-63, 247; infants, 571;      laboratory findings, 244-47; treatment, 247 celiac plexus, 139 central nervous system, 211-12, 369 centroacinar cells, 400, 404f cephalosporins, 373, 418, 536 cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis, 67t cerebrovascular accident, 114t ceroidosis, 61t ceruloplasmin, 57 cestodes, 229 Chagas’ disease, 118, 371 charcoal, 618 Charcot’s triad, 453, 458 cheilosis, 25, 57, 59t, 206, 208t, 210t, 212 chemical-induced esophagitis, 112-13 chemical-induced gastritis, 168 chemoreceptor trigger zone, 13f, 13 chemotherapy, 127, 166 chenodeoxycholic acid, 251, 447 Child-Pugh syndrome, 524, 527 childbirth, 176, 367
Page 638
children see also infants; abdominal mass, 571, 572; anemia, 572, 575t;      aspiration, 569; biliary atresia, 620; bilirubin, 615-17; bloody stools see      blood in stool; bone age, 584, 585t; bone deformities, 590; celiac      disease, 243-44; cholecystitis, 454; cholestasis, 516; cirrhosis, 518;      colic, 577-78; colitis, 595; constipation, 578-82; Crohn’s disease, 318,      322; cystic fibrosis, 435, 437, 518, 607-13; dehydration, 569, 571;      diarrhea, 593-600, 604, 608-9; distended abdomen, 590; duodenal      atresia, 572; duodenal ulcer disease, 147; dysphagia, 575t;      ecchymosis, 590; edema, 590, 610; electrolyte disturbances, 569;      enteritis, 592; enterohepatic circulation, 617; esophagitis, 574, 575t,      576; failure to thrive, 583-92; fever, 571-72; gas, 567; gastroenteritis,      227-28; GERD, 110, 573-77; glossitis, 590; hepatitis, 480; hepatobiliary      disease, 611-12; Hirschsprung’s disease, 370-71; hypothydroidism,      617; inflammatory bowel disease, 595; intussusception, 571; jaundice,      613-24; laryngospasm, 575t; liver disease, 476, 572; liver      transplantation, 549; malassimilation, 212, 583-92, 594, 600-607;      Meckel’s diverticula, 255; megarectum, 370; pallor, 571, 590; pancreatic      insufficiency, 607-11, 612-13; pancreatitis, 572, 611; parasitic infection,      376-77; recurrent abdominal pain, 565-69; rehydration therapy, 596t,      598-600; renal disease, 572; size, 571, 583-84, 585t, 589-90, 591t, 604;      volvulus, 572; vomiting, 569-73; Wilson’s disease, 514 Chlamydia trachomatis, 290, 392 chlordiazepoxide, 506 chloride: exchange, 193f, 193-95, 194f; secretion, 195-96, 401 chloridorrhea, 234t chlorpromazine, 508t, 509, 511 choking, 94-95, 897 cholangiocarcinoma, 443, 456, 459 cholangiography, percutaneous transhepatic (PTC), 458, 473-74 cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde (ERCP), 406-7, 417,      453, 455, 458, 473-74 cholangiopathy, AIDS, 303 cholangitis: about, 458; causes, 443; chronic, 443, 458, 516; clinical      features, 467; in cholecystitis, 450; in choledocholithiasis, 453;      nonsuppurative, 516; sclerosing, 66, 311t, 328, 339t, 342, 458-59, 515-     16, 518, 521t; suppurative, 458 cholecystectomy: complications, 175, 455, 519; to treat AIDS      cholangiopathy, 303; to treat cholecystitis, 451, 454; to treat choledo-      cholithiasis, 453; to treat cholelithiasis, 440, 448; to treat gallbladder      cancer, 456 cholecystitis: acalculous, 454-55; acute, 29, 446t, 449-52; causes, 443;     choledocholithiasis, 452-54; chronic calculous, 448-49 cholecystokinin (CCK), 140, 142, 197, 400, 401f, 405-6, 454, 465 cholecystoses, 455 choledochal cysts, 457, 518 choledochojejunostomy, 457 choledocholithiasis, 452-54, 515t, 516 cholelithiasis: causing pancreatitis, 410, 411-12, 416-17; classification,      440-41, 441t; clinical features, 444-45; complications, 445f; drug-      induced, 510t; in cystic fibrosis, 434; in inflammatory bowel disease,      311t, 313; management, 446-48; postsurgical, 164t, 167, 249;      progression, 443; risk factors, 57t, 444t cholera, pancreatic, 21, 239, 431 cholestasis: benign recurrent, 516; causing cholecystitis, 449-51; clinical      features, 27, 29; defined, 443, 514; dietary therapy, 69; drug-induced,      508t, 510t, 510, 511; extrahepatic, 516; in choledocholithiasis, 452-53;      in hyperbilirubinemia, 32; in liver disease, 25, 59t, 66, 342, 466t, 467-      69, 488, 516-20; infants, 457, 618-24; intrahepatic, 514-16, 515t;      management, 519-20; and pregnancy, 554-55; with cholangitis, 458-59;      with pancreatic neoplasm, 427-29 cholesterol: in absorption, 52, 54, 197, 198f, 199; malabsorption, 245, 252;      role of liver, 465; tests, 472 cholesterol esters, 197, 455 cholesterol stones, 440, 441t, 441-43, 452 cholesterolosis, 455 cholestyramine: causing malnutrition, 25, 64t; replacement, 221t; to treat      cholestasis, 555; to treat colitis, 233; to treat Crohn’s disease, 317;      to treat diarrhea, 166, 236, 239; to treat esophagitis, 164; to treat fecal      incontinence, 367; to treat gastritis, 172; to treat irritable bowel, 364t;      to treat liver disease, 517; to treat pruritus, 624t cholic acid, 251 cholinergics, 223t chromium, 57 chronic abdomen, 28-30
Page 639
chronic mesenteric ischemia, 276-77 Chvostek’s sign, 213 chylomicrons, 52, 197, 198f, 199 chylous ascites, 33 chymotrypsin, 204, 402, 410-11 cimetidine: replacement, 221t; to treat GERD, 107t, 576; to treat      pancreatitis, 424; to treat PUD, 155, 157-59 ciprofloxacin, 228t, 292t circulation see blood supply circulatory collapse, 415 cirrhosis: about, 520-24; alcoholic, 57t, 504-5, 506; biliary, 456, 516-19,      517t, 518t, 520, 521t; causes, 521t; Child-Pugh classification, 524; and      cholelithiasis, 443, 444t; and cholestasis, 515t, 515-16; clinical      features, 35, 38, 467, 469; complications, 531-37; cryptogenic, 520-21;      dietary therapy, 66; drug-induced, 511, 521t; effects on liver structure,      522f; and fatty liver, 502; and hepatitis, 458, 493, 497, 500-501, 504; in      alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency, 513; in cystic fibrosis, 434t; in      inflammatory bowel disease, 311t, 339t; in veno-occlusive disease, 556;      and liver neoplasms, 551; and portal hypertension, 525t, 526; and portal      vein thrombosis, 557 cirrhotic habitus, 466t, 467 cisapride, 14, 107t, 108, 364t, 576 Citrobacter freundii, 535 clarithromycin, 180, 292t clindamycin, 373 clinical trials: design, 84-85; ethical concerns, 77-78, 85; institutional      review committee, 86; investigators, 85; monitoring, 86; phases, 82-83;      planning, 84-85 clofazimine, 292t clofibrate, 444t Clostridium species, 250 Clostridium difficile, 223t, 227, 232, 323, 373-74 Clostridium perfringens, 223t, 224, 594 clotrimazole, 295 clubbing, 466t, 469, 590 co-trimoxazole, 226, 227, 228t coagulation disturbances, 466t, 467, 519, 545, 553, 556 cobalamin see vitamin B12 cobalt, 57 cocaine, causing colitis, 280 coccidioidosis, 295 codeine, 317 colchicine, 23t, 223t, 233, 241t colectomy: to treat colon cancer, 355; to treat GI bleeding, 394; to treat      thrombocytosis, 343; to treat ulcerative colitis, 326, 335, 337-38, 342 colestipol, 221t, 249 colic: biliary, 27, 29, 444-45, 446t, 448-49, 452; children, 577-78; renal, 29 colipase, 403 colitis: amebic, 35t; collagenous, 377; diversion, 60-61; eosinophilic, 377;      from Y. enterocolitica, 227; hemorrhagic, 227; ischemic, 35t, 279-86,      357; lymphocytic, 377; microscopic, 377; postdysenteric, 230; pseudo-     membranous, 24, 231-33, 373; ulcerative, 23t, 35t, 234t, 323-44,      356, 595 collagen disease, 263, 277 collagenous colitis, 377 collagenous sprue, 247-48 collateral vessels, portal-systemic, 527t, 527-29 colon see also colitis; absorption and secretion, 350, 351-52; anatomy and      function, 347-49; cancer, 352-57; constipation, 367-71; diverticulosis,      356-57; fecal incontinence, 364-67; flora, 351-52; infections, 371-75;      innervation, 349f; irritable bowel syndrome, 360-64, 364t; motility, 349,      351; neoplasms, 353t, 394; obstruction, 357-60; parasites, 375-77;      perforation, 26 colonic ileus, 359 colonoscopy, 329t, 394 coma, 488, 504, 537, 556 condylomata acuminata, 390-91 confidentiality (professional obligation of), 75t confusion, 488 congestive heart failure, 210t, 277, 280, 512, 555-56 conjunctivitis, 311t, 313 connective tissue disease, 97 constipation: about, 18-21, 367-71; children, 578-82; in celiac disease,      244; in cystic fibrosis, 434-35; in diverticulosis, 356; in hepatic      encephalopathy, 539t; in Hirschsprung’s disease, 370; in irritable bowel      syndrome, 361, 364t, 368; in megarectum, 370; in pelvic floor      dyssynergia, 371; in ulcerative colitis, 325; and malnutrition, 56-57; with      neoplasms, 354, 369, 430; with RAP, 567 constitutional growth delay, 587-88 contraceptives: cholelithiasis, 444t; cholestasis, 555; colitis, 280, 282;      hepatic vein thrombosis, 556; liver disease, 507, 508t, 510t, 510, 511;      liver neoplasms, 550-51
Page 640
convulsions, 58t, 213 copper, 57, 514 corneal changes, 59t corticosteroids: in digestion, 49, 50t; and liver transplantation, 546-47; and      PUD, 148; to treat esophagitis, 112; to treat hepatitis, 501, 506; to treat      HIV-associated ulceration, 300; to treat inflammatory bowel disease,      319t, 319-20, 334-37; to treat sprue, 247; to treat toxic megacolon, 341 cortisol binding proteins, 57 costiveness see constipation coughing, 97, 106 Coxsackie, 479t, 479 cramps see pain, abdominal creatinine, 57 CREST syndrome, 516 cricopharyngeus, 88 Crigler-Najjar syndrome, 476-78, 616 Crohn’s disease: anatomic distribution, 308t; causing bacterial overgrowth,      251t; causing gastric folds, 171t; clinical features, 23t, 29, 171, 234t,      241t, 307f, 307, 309-10; complications, 312-14; defined, 306; diagnosis,      314-16, 330, 333t; dietary therapy, 62, 69, 71; and esophagitis, 112;      lower GI bleeding, 35t; malnutrition, 63, 65; and neoplasms, 356;      pathophysiology, 306-9; transmural inflammation, 317f; treatment,      316-23 crying see colic, children cryoglobulinemia, 490, 499 crypt hypoplasia, 61t Cryptosporidium: about, 231; causing diarrhea, 223t, 594, 600; from pets,      24; HIV-associated, 293t, 295, 297, 454 Cullen’s sign, 414 Curling’s ulcer, 146 Cushing’s ulcer, 146 cutaneous changes, 466t, 467 cyanocobalamin see vitamin B12 cyclamate, 251 cyclic AMP, 151, 194, 196, 224-25, 237-38 cyclic GMP, 144 cyclohexylamine, 251 cyclooxygenase, 322 cycloserine, 58t cyclosporine: in liver transplantation, 541; side effects, 546; to treat      inflammatory bowel disease, 319t, 321-22, 337; to treat sprue, 247 cyproheptadine, 167, 256 cyst, congenital, esophageal, 124t cystadenocarcinoma, 426 cystadenoma, 459 cystic fibrosis: adult, 432-38; children, 435, 437, 518, 607-13;      complications, 408, 418, 434t, 434-37, 444t, 521t; dietary therapy,      67t cytokines, 323 cytomegalovirus: causing cholecystitis, 454; causing gastritis, 177; causing      hepatitis, 479t, 479; HIV-associated, 293t, 299; postsurgical, 548-49 cytoprotective agents, 155, 528 cytotonic enterotoxins, 223 cytotoxic enterotoxins, 223