General

Schiff L, Schiff ER (eds.). Diseases of the liver. 7th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1993.
Sherlock S, Dooley J (eds.). Diseases of the liver and biliary system. 9th ed. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publications, 1993.

Section 2 Approach to the Patient with Liver Disease

Frank BB. Clinical evaluation of jaundice. JAMA 1989; 262:3031-3034.
Gollan JL (ed.). Pathobiology of bilirubin and jaundice. Semin Liver Dis 1988; 8:105- 199.
Reichling JJ, Kaplan MM. Clinical use of serum enzymes in liver disease. Dig Dis Sci 1988; 33:1601-1614.

Section 3 Congenital Hyperbilirubinemia

Sorrentino D, Anthony JE, Berk PD. Familial hyperbilirubinemia syndromes: kinetic approaches. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 3:313-336.
Watson KJ and Gollan JL. Gilbert's syndrome. Baillieres Clin Gastroenterol 1989; 3:337-355.

Section 4 Acute Viral Hepatitis

Alter HJ, Purcell RH, Shih JW, et al. Detection of antibody to hepatitis C virus in prospectively followed recipients with acute and chronic non-A, non-B transfusion hepatitis. N Engl J Med 1989; 321:1494-1500.
Hollinger FB, Lin HJ. Community-acquired hepatitis C virus infection. Gastroenterology 1992; 102:1426-1429.
Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM. Serologic diagnosis of acute and chronic viral hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1991; 11:73-84.
Krugman S, Overby LR, Mushahwar IK, et al. Viral hepatitis, type B: studies on natural history and prevention re-examined. N Engl J Med 1979; 300:101-106.

Section 5 Chronic Hepatitis

Autoimmune Chronic Hepatitis
Johnson PJ, McFarlane IG, Eddleston AL. The natural course and heterogeneity of autoimmune-type chronic active hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1991; 11:187-196.
Ludwig J. The nomenclature of chronic active hepatitis: an obituary. Gastroenterology 1993; 105:274-278.

Viral Hepatitis
Aagh RD, Stevens CE, Hollinger FB, et al. Hepatitis C virus infection in post-transfusion hepatitis: an analysis with first- and second-generation assays. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1325-1329.
Alter MJ, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, et al. The natural history of community- acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med 1992; 327:1899-1905.
Hoofnagle JH, Di Bisceglie AM, Shindo M. Antiviral therapy of hepatitis C - present and future. J Hepatol 1993; 17:130-136.
Katkov WN, Dienstag JL. Prevention and therapy of viral hepatitis. Semin Liver Dis 1991; 11:165-174.
Perrillo RP. Antiviral therapy of chronic hepatitis B: past, present, and future. J Hepatol 1993; 17:56-63.
Rizzetto M, Verme G. Delta hepatitis - present status. J Hepatol 1985; 1:187-193.
Seeff LB, Koff RS. Evolving concepts of the clinical and serologic consequences of hepatitis B virus infection. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6:11-22.

Fatty Liver
Powell EE, Cooksley WG, Hanson R, Searle J, Halliday JW, Powell LW. The natural history of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: a follow-up study of forty-two patients for up to 21 years. Hepatology 1990; 11:74-80.

Section 6 Alcoholic Liver Disease

Fleming KA, McGee JO. Alcohol induced liver disease. J Clin Pathol 1984; 37:721-733.
Lieber CS. Alcoholic liver disease: a public health issue in need of a public health approach. Semin Liver Dis 1993; 13:105-107.
Mendenhall CL: Alcoholic hepatitis. In: Schiff L, Schiff ER (eds.), Diseases of the liver. 7th ed. Philadelphia: JB Lippincott, 1993:856-874.

Section 7 Drug-Induced Liver Disease

Kaplowitz N (ed.). Recent advances in drug metabolism and hepatotoxicity. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10 (special issue): 234-338.
Ludwig J, Axelsen R. Drug effects on the liver: an updated tabular compilation of drugs and drug-related hepatic diseases. Dig Dis Sci 1983; 28:651-666.
Zimmerman HJ. Update of hepatotoxicity due to classes of drugs in common clinical use: non-steroidal drugs, anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, antihypertensives, and cardiac and psychotropic agents. Semin Liver Dis 1990; 10:322-338.

Section 8 Inherited Liver Disease

Hemochromatosis
Adams PC, Kertesz AE, Valberg LS. Clinical presentation of hemochromatosis: a changing scene. Am J Med 1991; 90:445-449.
Adams PC, Speechley M, Kertesz AE. Long-term survival analysis in hereditary hemochromatosis. Gastroenterology 1991; 101:368-372.
Crosby WH. Hemochromatosis: current concepts and management. Hosp Pract 1987; 22:173-177, 181-192.
Edwards CQ, Kushner JP. Screening for hemochromatosis. N Engl J Med 1993; 328:1616-1620.
Alpha₁-Antitrypsin Deficiency
Fisher RL, Taylor L, Sherlock S. Alpha-1-antitrypsin deficiency in liver disease: the extent of the problem. Gastroenterology 1976; 71:646-651.

Wilson's Disease
Brewer GJ, Yuzbasiyan-Gurkan V. Wilson's disease: an update, with emphasis on new approaches to treatment. Dig Dis 1989; 7:178-193.
Nazer H, Ede RJ, Mowat AP, et al. Wilson's disease: clinical presentation and use of prognostic index. Gut 1986; 27:1377.
Scheinberg IH, Sternlieb I. Wilson's disease. Major problems in internal medicine, vol. 23. Philadelphia: WB Saunders, 1984.
Tanzi RE, Petrukhin, K, Chernov I, et al. The Wilson disease gene is a copper transporting ATPase with homology to the Menkes disease gene. Nature Genetics 1993; 5:344-350.

Section 9 Cholestasis

Favrant M, Williams R. Natural history and prognosis in primary sclerosing cholangitis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1992; 4:272-275.
Kaplan MM. Primary biliary cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:521-528.
Lester R (ed.). The pathogenesis of cholestasis: past and future trends. Semin Liver Dis 1993; 13 (special issue): 219-316.
Vierling JM. Immune disorder of the liver and bile duct. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21:427-449.

Section 10 Cirrhosis of the Liver

D'Amico G, Morabito A, Pogliaro L, et al. Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1986; 31:468.
MacSween RNM, Anthony PP, Scheuer PJ. Pathology of the liver. 2d ed. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1987.

Section 11 Portal Hypertension

De Franchis R, Primignani M. Why do varices bleed? Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21:85-96.
Hilsden RJ, Lee SS. Suspecting variceal bleeding in portal hypertensive patients. Can J Diag 1993; 10:91-103.
Polio J, Groszmann RJ. Hemodynamic factors involved in the development and rupture of esophageal varices: a pathophysiologic approach to treatment. Semin Liver Dis 1986; 6:318-331.
Stiegmann GV, Goff JS, Michaletz-Onody PA, et al. Endoscopic sclerotherapy as compared with endoscopic ligation for bleeding esophageal varices. N Engl J Med 1992; 326:1527-1532.
Triger DR, Hosking SW. The gastric mucosa in portal hypertension. J Hepatol 1989; 8:267-272.

Sections 12 and 14 Ascites/Hepatorenal Syndrome

Epstein M (ed.). The kidney in liver disease. 3d ed. Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins, 1988:3.
Epstein M. The sodium retention of cirrhosis: a reappraisal. Hepatology 1986; 6:312.
Henriksen JH, Ring-Larsen H. Ascites formation in liver cirrhosis: the how and the why. Dig Dis 1990; 8:152.

Section 13 Hepatic Encephalopathy

Butterworth RF. Pathogenesis and treatment of portal-systemic encephalopathy: an update. Dig Dis Sci 1992; 37:321-327.
Ferenc P, Puspok A, Steindl P. Current concepts in the pathophysiology of hepatic encephalopathy. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22:573-581.

Section 15 Liver Transplantation

Kirby RM, McMaster P, Clents D, et al. Orthotopic liver transplantation: postoperative complications and their management. Br J Surg 1987; 74:3-11.
Krom RAF, Wiesner RH, Rettke SR, et al. The first 100 liver transplantations at the Mayo Clinic. Symposium on liver transplantation part 1. Mayo Clinic Proc 1989; 64:84-94.
Maddrey WC, Van Thiel DH. Liver transplantation: an overview. Hepatology 1988; 8:948-959.
Sheiner PA, Greig PD, Levy GA. Perioperative management of the liver transplant patient. In: Vincent JL (ed.), Update in intensive care and emergency medicine, update 1990. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1990:706-717.

Section 16 Neoplasms of the Liver

Okuda K. Diagnosis and nonsurgical treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma. Hepato- Gastroenterology 1990; 37:159-164.
Rustgi VK. Epidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma [Review]. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1987; 16:545-551.

Section 17 Liver Disease in Pregnancy

Riely CA, Abell TL (eds.). Gastrointestinal and liver problems in pregnancy. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1992; 21:873-921, 937-958.

Section 18 Vascular Disorders of the Liver

Gibson PR, Dudley FJ. Ischemic hepatitis: clinical features, diagnosis and prognosis. Aust NZ J Med 1984; 14:822.
Klein AS, Sitzmann JV, Coleman J, et al. Current management of the Budd-Chiari syndrome. Ann Surg 1990; 212:144.