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G-cell hyperplasia, 150, 160-62, 163 galactosemia, 67t, 521t gallbladder: anatomy, 183; dilated, 31; in cystic fibrosis, 434t, 436;     inflamed see cholecystitis; postgastrectomy problems, 164t, 167 gallbladder disease: acalculous cholecystitis, 454-55; cholecystoses,     455; congenital, 454; neoplasms, 456; postcholecystectomy, 455 gallstones see cholelithiasis gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase, 471 ganciclovir, 293t, 299 Gardner’s syndrome, 355 gas see also dyspepsia; about, 15-18; children, 567; in celiac disease,     243t, 244; in cholelithiasis, 449; in cholesterolosis, 455; in cystic fibrosis,     434; in diarrhea, 236; in
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diverticulosis, 356; in gastroenteritis, 228; in GERD, 108; in giardiasis,     230; in irritable bowel syndrome, 361-63, 364t; in malassimilation,     62, 203, 206, 211; in pancreatic cancer, 426; in pancreatitis, 419; in     parasitic infection, 376; in small bowel ischemia, 259; infants, 577;     production of, 352 gaseous distention see gas gastrectomy, 163-67, 171, 172, 173, 175, 249 gastric acid secretion: assessment, 145-37; failure, 168-71; in PUD,     148, 150-51; inhibition, 155, 158; mechanism, 149-51 gastric atrophy, 169 gastric endocrine secretion, 145 gastric erosions, 34t gastric folds, 163, 171t gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP), 140, 144, 150 gastric rupture, 176 gastric ulcer disease: acid secretion, 150; causes, 144, 165;     pathophysiologic defects, 137, 147t; upper GI bleeding, 34t gastric varices, 171t gastric volvulus, 175 gastrin: causing diarrhea, 234t, 239; role in digestion, 139-40, 405;     secretion, 139, 145, 149-51, 430-31 gastrin-receptor antagonists, 155 gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), 145 gastrinoma, 143, 160-63, 165, 430-31 gastritis: acute, 168, 171t; atrophic, 143, 170-74; bile, 172; causes,     144, 171, 177-81; chronic, 147t, 168-70, 172; classification,     168t; eosinophilic, 171t, 171-72; erosive, 172; granulomatous,     171; hypertrophic, 170-71; inflammatory, 528; lymphocytic, 171t;     Ménétrier’s disease, 170-71; metaplastic, 171; superficial, 170;     treatment, 155 gastritis cystica profunda, 171t gastroenteritis: clinical features, 8; eosinophilic, 112, 377-78; infections,     224-28, 229 gastroenterostomy, 161, 249 gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) see GERD gastrojejunostomy, 166 gastroparesis, 108 gastropathy: hypertrophic-hypersecretory, 171; portal hypertensive, 528-29 gastrostomy, percutaneous endoscopic, 115 gender see sex geographical factors: cholelithiasis, 440, 441t; esophageal cancer, 125-26 GERD: children, 110, 573-77; clinical features, 5-8, 96-97, 105-6;     complications, 6, 107, 109-10, 574-75, 575t; diagnosis, 106t, 106-8;     and esophageal disorders, 116, 119; and hiatus hernia, 100, 103;     and LES function, 94; pathophysiology, 100, 103, 104f; postsurgical,     115, 118, 163-65, 164t; treatment, 108-9 giant cell carcinoma, 426 giant hypertrophic gastritis see Ménétrier’s disease giant mucosal rugal hypertrophy, 170-71 Giardia lamblia: about, 230; causing diarrhea, 23t, 24, 223t, 594, 600;     HIV-associated, 293t, 296 Gilbert’s syndrome, 57t, 468, 477, 616-17 GIP see gastric inhibitory polypeptide (GIP) globulins, 409, 464, 471-72 globus, 4-5 glomerulonephritis, 489, 499, 516, 541 glossitis: children, 590; in celiac disease, 243t; in intestinal malassimilation,     206, 208t; in vitamin and mineral deficiency, 25, 57, 58t-59t, 210t, 212 glucagon: causing diarrhea, 239; role in digestion, 49, 50t, 52, 144;     secreted, 400, 430; to treat esophageal obstruction, 132 glucagonoma, 430 glucoamylase, 201 glucocorticoids, 196, 377 glucokinase, 54 gluconeogenesis, 54 glucose: in digestion, 50, 52, 192, 200-201, 464; in malnutrition, 60,     235t, 434t, 435; in starvation, 54; replacement, 71-72 glucose galactose, 235t glucose-6-phosphatase, 54 glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, 54 beta-glucuronidase, 443, 452 glucuronyl transferase, 467 glutamine, 57 glycerin, 582 glycine, 57, 205, 250-51 glycogen, 50, 54, 464 glycogen storage disease, dietary therapy, 67t glycogenesis, 57t, 464, 521t glycolysis, 54 glycoproteins, 464 glypressin, 529 goiter, 9, 208t gonococcus, 24 gonorrhea, 290, 391 graft dysfunction, 547-48
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graft-versus-host disease, 112, 128, 516, 525t, 557 granular cell tumor, esophageal, 124t, 124 granuloma, 306, 316, 517 granulomatous inflammation, liver, 510-11 Grey Turner’s sign, 414 group D streptococci, 536 “growing” pains, 566 growth failure see failure to thrive growth hormone, 52 GRP see gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) guanethidine, 223t guanylate cyclase, 238 Guillain-Barré syndrome, 489 gum disease, 58t gut hypersensitivity, 17-18 gut transit study, 20 gynecomastia, 466t, 504-5 -H- H+/K+-ATPase, 151, 155 H+/K+-ATPase inhibitors, 158 H+/K+-ATPase pump see hydrogen H2 antagonists, 576 H2 blockers see H2-receptor antagonists H2-receptor antagonists: and gastric secretions, 142-43; side effects,     157t; to treat dysphagia, 10; to treat gastrinoma, 163; to treat gastritis,     171; to treat GERD, 107t, 108; to treat pancreatitis, 424; to treat PUD,     155, 157-59, 165 hair problems, 56, 208t, 212 halothane, 509 hamartoma, small intestine, 259 Harris-Benedict equation, 67 head circumference, children, 571, 583-84, 585t, 589-90, 604 headache, 255, 362, 566 Health Protection Branch, Health Canada, 81-82, 85 heart disease, 255, 257, 269, 277, 280, 369, 469 heart failure, 58t, 114t, 210t, 512, 525t, 555-56 heartburn: about, 5-8, 13; and esophageal motor disorders, 116;     in achalasia, 118; in GERD, 95, 105; in scleroderma esophagus, 119 height, children, 583-84, 585t, 589-90, 591t, 604 Helicobacter pylori, 11-12, 149t, 155, 160, 173, 177-81 HELLP syndrome, 555 hemangioma: esophageal, 124t; liver, 550-51 hematemesis see blood in vomit hematochezia see blood in stool hematoma, perianal, 380 hemochromatosis: cause, 57t; dietary therapy, 67t; in cirrhosis,     520-21, 521t; in inherited liver disease, 512-13; in liver neoplasms, 551 hemoglobinuria, 556 hemolysis, 31, 209t, 443 hemophilia, 289 hemorrhage: causing ischemia, 277; colonic, 230, 280, 342; diagnosing,     3, 34; esophageal, 89; in inflammatory bowel disease, 311t; in liver     disease, 517, 524, 553; in pancreatitis, 410-11, 413-14, 420; in PUD,     160; and vitamin deficiency, 59t hemorrhoidectomy, 388 hemorrhoids, 35t, 41, 339t, 380-81, 385-88, 394, 396 hemosiderin, 283 hemosiderosis, 512 hepatectomy, 456 hepatitis A, 479-80, 480f, 488, 515 hepatitis, active see hepatitis, chronic hepatitis, acute see also specific types; causes, 479t, 479, 485;     clinical features, 468-69, 485; complications, 487-90; diagnosis,     485-87; drug-induced, 509; figures, 486f-88f; fulminant, 469, 487-88;     relapsing, 489; treatment, 490-91; types, 479-85 hepatitis, alcoholic, 57t, 303, 479t, 501, 503-4, 515t, 525t, 526 hepatitis, autoimmune, 493, 495t, 500-501 hepatitis B: about, 479-82, 491; causing cirrhosis, 505, 520, 521t;     chronic, 494-98; complications, 487, 489, 553; and hepatorenal     syndrome, 541; HIV-associated, 302-3; illicit drug risks, 291; and liver     neoplasms, 551; risk factors, 482t hepatitis C: about, 479, 482-83; causing cholestasis, 515; causing cirrhosis,     505, 520, 521t; chronic, 494, 498-500, 513; complications, 487, 489-91;     HIV-associated, 302-3; illicit drug risks, 291; and liver neoplasms, 551 hepatitis, chronic see also specific types; causes, 311t, 339t, 490, 511;     causing cirrhosis, 520, 521t; causing portal hypertension, 525t; clinical     features, 467, 469, 492-94, 525t; diagnosis, 495t; figures, 493f-94f;     typology, 492-93 hepatitis D: about, 479t, 484, 491; causing cirrhosis, 520, 521t; chronic,     494, 500; complications, 487-90 hepatitis, drug-induced, 493, 495t, 500
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hepatitis E, 479t, 484, 552-53 hepatitis F, 484 hepatitis G, 485, 487; chronic, 494 hepatitis, ischemic, 471 hepatitis, neonatal, 513, 620 hepatitis, viral see also specific types, 492t, 494-500, 515t, 520, 521t,     523, 552 hepatitis serology, 472 hepatobiliary disease, children, 611-12 hepatobiliary function, 463-65 hepatocellular carcinoma, 57t, 497, 505, 513, 549-52 hepatocellular disease: clinical features, 31-32, 468, 469; in ulcerative     colitis, 339t, 342-43; reduces coagulation factors, 464 hepatocellular injury, 508t, 508-9 hepatocytes, 463 hepatomegaly: diagnosing, 25, 38, 56; in bile duct disease, 460;     in congestive heart failure, 555; in esophageal disease, 97, 126;     in hemochromatosis, 512; in hepatic vein thrombosis, 556; in liver     disease, 466t, 468-69, 504, 505, 523; in malassimilation, 209t;     in veno-occlusive disease, 556 hepatorenal syndrome, 505, 540t, 540-41 hepatosplenomegaly, 501, 519, 612 hepatosteatonecrosis see fatty liver heredity: celiac disease, 242-44; cholelithiasis, 444t; Crohn’s disease,     308t, 308; familial short stature, 586-87; hepatitis, 500;     hyperbilirubinemia, 477-78; liver disease, 67t, 476, 512-14; neoplasms,     172, 173, 353, 355-56; pancreatitis, 418; PUD, 147-48; pyloric stenosis,     176; RAP, 566; ulcerative colitis, 308t, 308 hernia, 359 Herpes simplex: causing esophagitis, 8, 111; causing gastritis, 177;     causing hepatitis, 479t, 479; HIV-associated, 293t, 299-300, 391;     postsurgical, 549 heterosexuality, 289 heterotopia, esophageal, 124t hiatus hernia, 5-6, 100, 101f, 102f, 103, 175 Hill posterior gastropexy, 109 hilum, 136 Hirschsprung’s disease, 19t, 20, 348, 370-71, 581 histamine, 150 histoplasmosis, 177, 292t, 295 history-taking, 3-4 HIV: GI involvement, 288, 290-302; hepatobiliary involvement, 302-3;     HIV enteropathy, 300-301; neoplasms, 301-2; nutrition, 304; pancreatic     involvement, 303-4; prevalence, 288; principles of infection, 288-90 HIV wasting syndrome, 304 hoarseness, 97, 105-6, 112, 126 Hodgkin’s disease, 301 homosexuality: and diarrhea, 24; and hepatitis, 491; HIV risk, 289,     299; and infection, 290, 296, 299, 301-2, 390; and neoplasms, 301-2 hookworms, 376 hormones see also specific types; affecting electrolyte absorption, 196-97;     causing diarrhea, 238-39, 240, 594; and cholelithiasis, 444t; in digestion,     49-53, 50t, 54, 400 human immunodeficiency virus see HIV human papilloma virus, 302 hunger, 15 hydralazine, 123 hydrocephalus, 14 hydrochloric acid: in diarrhea, 236; in gastric juices, 139, 141, 151,     194f; measuring, 145-37; role, 135, 140, 150 hydrocortisone acetate, 334 hydrogen see also H+/K+-ATPase, 193-95, 194f hydrogen sulfide, 250 hydrops, gallbladder, 452 beta-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase, 54 hydroxycobalamin, 169 hydroxyproline, 205 hydroxyzine, 624t hyoscyamine, 364t hyperalimentation, 418 hyperamylasemia, 269-70, 408-10, 409t, 414 hyperbilirubinemia: causes, 32f, 32, 616t, 619t; congenital, 477-78;     conjugated, 618-23; diagnosing, 621f, 623f; in cholecystitis, 450;     in congestive heart failure, 556; in liver disease, 467-68, 504; in     malnutrition, 57t; treatment, 618, 624; unconjugated, 615-18 hypercalcemia, 20, 160, 369, 413 hypercatabolism, 24 hyperchlorhydria, 160 hypercholesterolemia, 517 hypercoagulability, 556 hyperdynamic circulation, 466t, 467 hypergammaglobulinemia, 501 hypergastrinemia, 158, 160-63, 241t hyperglycemia, 506 hyperimmune bovine colostrum, 231 hyperkeratosis, 59t, 210t hyperlipidemia, 413, 502 hyperlipoproteinemia, 412 hyperoxaluria, 249
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hyperparathyroidism, 413 hyperpepsinogenemia 1, 147-48 hyperphagia, 57 hyperplasia: bowel, 306; drug-induced, 510t; focal nodular, 550; G-cell,     150, 160-62, 163; gastric, 177; in portal hypertension, 525t hyperreflexia, 537 hypersalivation, 12-13 hypersecretion, 238t hypersomnia, 537 hypersplenism, 469 hypertension, 89 hyperthyroidism, 22, 23t, 114t, 234t, 234, 241t, 595 hypertrophic pyloric stenosis, 176 hyperuricosuria, 424-25, 437-38 hypervitaminosis A, 57t hypoalbuminemia, 25, 325-26, 328, 338, 610 hypocalcemia, 59t, 328 hypochlorhydria, 143, 150, 169t, 169, 431 hypochondriasis, 30 hypogammaglobulinemia, 254 hypogeusia, 208t, 210t hypoglycemia, 464, 488, 504, 506, 548, 551, 553 hypokalemia, 328, 353t, 431, 506, 539t hypomagnesemia, 328, 506 hyponatremia, 524, 539t hypoparathyroidism, 23t, 170, 241t hypoproteinemia, 243t, 254, 575t hypoprothrombinemia, 243t, 466t, 467 hyporeflexia, 209t hypotension, 258, 280, 411 hypothalamus, 15 hypothyroidism, 19t, 20, 114t, 369, 617 hypotonia, 243 hypovolemia, 392, 411, 539t hypoxia, 538, 539t