-E-	Page 642
ecchymosis, 210t, 590 eclampsia, 555 ectasia, vascular, 171t eczema, 208t edema: children, 590, 610; in celiac disease, 243t; in Crohn’s disease,     306; in HIV-associated infection, 298; in liver disease, 33, 532; in     malassimilation, 56, 209t, 212; in pancreatic cancer, 427; in pancreatitis,     410-11, 419-20 edrophonium, 119 effusion, 417, 532 EGD see esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) eicosapentaenoic acid, 322 elastase, 204, 402 elderly patients: angiodysplasia, 393; cholelithiasis, 448; constipation,     369; dysphagia, 8; ischemia, 263, 269, 275, 280, 282; megarectum,     370; PUD, 158; Salmonella infection, 372-73; small bowel ischemia,     257-59; small bowel obstruction, 451; vitamin deficiency, 58t electrolyte disturbances, 57, 269, 284, 466t, 569 electrolytes: absorption, 350; active absorption, 191-95; passive absorption,     191; secretion, 195-97, 401 embolectomy, 274 embolism, 26, 274 emepronium bromide, 113 emphysema, 513 empyema, 451 encephalopathy: dietary therapy, 65-66; hepatic, 488, 537-40, 539t; in     alcoholic cirrhosis, 504; in alcoholic hepatitis, 504; in fatty liver, 553;     in liver disease, 466t, 517 encopresis, 579, 580 endarterectomy, 277 endarteritis obliterans, 396 endocrine changes, 466t, 467 endocrine secretion, 145 endometriosis, 29 endopeptidases, 204, 402 endoscopy: ethics, 75-76; to diagnose PUD, 153, 155; to investigate     esophageal disorders, 98, 131 energy requirements, 67-68 enkephalins, 196-97
Page 643
Entamoeba histolytica, 223t, 230, 293t, 296, 323, 374-75, 595 enteral nutrition, 68-70 enteritis: children, 592; clinical features, 28; in ischemia, 277; parasitic,     229-31; regional see Crohn’s disease Enterobacter, 535 enterocytes, 61t Enterocytozoon bieneusi, 297 enterohepatic circulation, 617 enterokinases, 204, 401f, 402 enteropathy: choleretic, 22; colonic, 234; gluten-induced see celiac     disease; HIV-associated, 300-301; in Crohn’s disease, 310t; and     malnutrition, 25, 64t; protein-losing, 25, 254-55 enterotoxins, 223-24, 237, 238t enzymes: produced by liver, 611-12; produced by pancreas, 400-405,     410-12; replacement, 221t, 423-24, 424t, 433, 436-38, 613 epidermoid carcinoma, 426 epidermolysis bullosa, 112 epiphrenic diverticula, 130 episcleritis, 311t, 313, 340t, 344 epistaxis, 35 Epstein-Barr virus, 479t, 479, 549 ERCP see cholangiopancreatography, endoscopic retrograde (ERCP) eructio nervosa, 17 erythema, 31, 430, 466t, 501, 504-5 erythema nodosum, 311t, 313, 327, 340t, 344 erythromycin, 226, 292t Escherichia coli: causing choledocholithiasis, 453; causing diarrhea,     22, 223t, 225, 227-28, 234t, 238, 594-95, 598; causing peritonitis,     535; causing ulcerative colitis, 323; in small intestine, 250; types, 225t esophageal spasm, 7, 9-10, 95, 116f, 116-17, 130 esophageal sphincter, lower: anatomy, 89-91; function, 94, 108t; and     GERD, 103, 105; motor disorders, 115-19; role of gastrin, 145; and     vomiting, 94 esophageal sphincter, upper: anatomy, 89-92; function, 92 esophagitis: acid-sensitive, 103; angina-like, 119, 122-23; bleeding, 96-97;     chemical-induced, 8, 112-13, 128; children, 574, 575t, 576; frank     erosive, 108; HIV-associated, 300; infectious, 106, 110-11; and     neoplasms, 126t; nonreflux-induced, 95, 110-11;     postgastrectomy, 163-65; radiation-induced, 113; reflux-induced, 5, 10;     ulcerative, 34t, 117 esophagogastrectomy, 175 esophagogastric varices, 34t esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD), 151 esophagus: anatomy, 88-90, 99-103; candidiasis, 294-95; diseases, 94-99;     disorders, 113-19, 128-32; GERD, 103-10; motility, 90-94; neoplasms,     8, 10, 123-28; “nutcracker,” 115, 116f, 117; physiology, 90-94;     postgastrectomy problems, 163-65, 164t estrogens, 515, 552, 555 ethambutol, to treat infection, 292t ethanol: affects LES, 108t; causing bleeding, 35; causing diarrhea,     234t, 235; fatty liver, 503; to treat portal hypertension, 529 ethanolamine, 529 ethics, 74-79 ethnicity: cholelithiasis, 444t; cholestasis, 554; Crohn’s disease, 308t, 308;     esophageal cancer, 125-26; gastric cancer, 173; hyperbilirubinemia,     477; intestinal neoplasms, 260; primary lactase deficiency, 235, 242;     ulcerative colitis, 308t, 308 exercise, 6, 369, 582 exocrine dysfunction, 434t exopeptidases, 204 eye problems, 208t, 311t, 313, 327, 340t, 344 -F- factor V, 464, 469 factor VII, 464, 469 factor IX, 464, 469 factor X, 464, 469 failure to thrive: about, 583, 601, 604; assessing, 586, 589-91; classification,     583-86; constitutional growth delay, 587-88; familial short stature,     586-87; management, 591-92; premature infants, 589; prognosis, 592;     small for gestational age infants, 588-89; with cystic fibrosis,     609; with GERD, 574, 575t familial polyposis syndrome, 353, 355 familial short stature, 586-87 famotidine, 107t, 424 farting see gas fat see also triglycerides; absorption, 197-200, 198f; affects LES, 108t;     digestion, 7, 10, 54, 601f, 603-4; in stool see steatorrhea;     malabsorption, 24, 25, 234, 248-49, 252, 314, 352, 603-4;     malassimilation, 56, 60, 211-12; maldigestion, 249; metabolism, 52,     464-65; replacement, 71 fatigue: in bile duct disease, 459; in liver dis-
Page 644
ease, 466t, 467, 485, 496, 501, 504, 512, 517, 522; in     malassimilation, 212; in pancreatic cancer, 426; in ulcerative     colitis, 326-27 fatty acids see also prostaglandins; causing diarrhea, 61, 234t, 234, 236,     238t, 238; deficiency, 435; digestion, 50, 250, 403, 405; in colon,     351-52; in malassimilation, 60-61, 211; lipolysis of, 197, 198f; oxidation,     54; role of liver, 464-65; slow gastric emptying, 140; synthesis, 54;     to treat constipation, 582; to treat inflammatory bowel disease, 322 fatty liver: about, 502; alcoholic, 503, 506; clinical features, 25, 468; and     malnutrition, 56; and pregnancy, 553-54 fear of eating see also sitophobia, 276 feeding center, 15 ferrous sulfate, 343 fever: children, 571-72; diagnosing, 3, 30; HIV-associated, 295; in bile duct     disease, 451, 453, 456-57, 458; in cholangitis, 342; in cholecystitis, 445,     450, 454; in cholestasis, 519; in colonic obstruction, 358; in     diverticulosis, 356; in gastroenteritis, 227-29; in HIV-associated     infection, 291, 298; in inflammatory bowel disease, 232, 309-10, 317,     325-26, 333; in ischemic colitis, 283; in liver disease, 466t,     467, 485, 504; in malnutrition, 63, 64t; in pancreatitis, 414; in     peritonitis, 535; in shigellosis, 371; in toxic megacolon, 338; in     Whipple’s disease, 256; postsurgical, 548; with HIV-associated     neoplasms, 302 fiber, 61, 222, 368, 567, 582 fibrinogen, 464 fibroma, small intestine, 259 fibrosis see also cystic fibrosis; liver, 57t, 456-57, 476, 511, 520,     525t; pancreas, 419, 420; stomal, 165 fidelity (professional obligation of), 75t fingernails, 56 fissures, anal: diagnosis and treatment, 339t, 380-81, 388-89;     in inflammatory bowel disease, 311t, 312-13; lower GI bleeding, 35t;     pain, 41; pathogenesis, 388 fistula-abscess disease, 389-90 fistulas: anorectal, 339t, 389-90; causing bacterial overgrowth, 251t;     colocutaneous, 357t; colonic, 338; colovaginal, 357t;     colovesical, 357t; esophageal, 99-100; esophagorespiratory, 126-27;     gastrocolic, 17; intestinal, 25, 71, 234t, 306, 312-13; rectovaginal,     339t; splenic, 525t, 525; tracheoesophageal, 99-100 fistulotomy, 390 FK-506, 546, 547 flatulence see gas flatus see gas flatworms, 229 flora: colon, 351-52; small intestine, 249-51 fluconazole, 111, 292t, 295 flukes, 229 fluorescein dilaurate, 408 fluoroquinolones, 372, 373 5-fluorouracil, 175 flushing, 255 the flux see diarrhea focal segmental ischemia, 277 folacins, 185-86 folate deficiency, 25, 167, 208t-9t, 210t, 212, 243t, 245 folic acid: absorption, 185-86, 187f; deficiency, 58t, 60, 61t, 168-69, 208t,     212; digestion, 251; malabsorption, 425; replacement, 220t follicular hyperkeratosis, 208t, 211, 243t food see diet; nutrition food poisoning, 168, 224 foreign bodies, esophagus, 131-32 formic acid, 235 foscarnet, 293t, 299, 300 fructose, 23t, 67t, 202-3 fructose diphosphatase, 54 FTT see failure to thrive fundoplication, 109, 576-77 fungal infection, 292t, 294-96 furan, 155 furosemide, 534