Chapter 1 - Section 1: First Principles of Gastroenterology

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Bacillus cereus, 223t, 224, 594 bacteria: causing diarrhea, 21, 223t, 223-29, 234, 238t, 241t, 250; HIV-associated, 291, 292t-93t bacterial overgrowth syndrome, 251t, 251-53, 252t bacteriocins, 250 bacteroides, 250, 536 Balantidium coli, 375 Bantu siderosis, 57t barium x-ray, 9-10, 20, 97-98 Barrett’s epithelium, 103, 110, 125, 173-74 Barrett’s esophagus, 106, 110, 125 Barrett’s metaplasia, 103, 107, 125 Barrett’s ulcer, 95, 108 basal acid output, 145-37 Behçet’s syndrome, 112 belching see gas Belsey Mark IV repair, 109 beneficence (as ethical principle), 75t bentiromide test, 407 benzathine penicillin, 391 benzimidazoles, 158 benzodiazepines, 108t beriberi, 58t Bernstein test, 98 beta blockers, 524 bethanechol, 119 bezoars, 164t, 165 bicarbonate, 135-36, 139, 141, 401, 404-6, 433 bifidobacteria, 250 bile: degrades gastric mucus, 144; formation, 463, 465; forms gallstones, 441-42; leakage, 548; limy, 452; and pancreatitis, 411-12 bile acids: causing diarrhea, 234t, 234, 238, 248; in absorption, 197, 198f, 199; in bacterial overgrowth, 252; malabsorption, 248-49, 436; to dissolve gallstones, 447; to treat constipation, 582 bile duct: carcinoma, 311t, 339t; congenital anomalies, 454; congenital diseases, 456-58; damage, 518; inflammatory diseases, 458-59; neoplasms, 459-60; obstruction see cholestasis; stricture, 420-21, 443, 455, 458-59, 515t, 516, 518 bile gastritis, 172 bile salts: and gallstones, 442; in diarrhea, 235, 238t; in digestion, 250-51, 403, 465; malabsorption, 22, 25, 64t, 310t, 317-18, 352; and vitamin K, 464 biliary atresia, 457-58, 620 biliary colic, 27, 29, 444-45, 446t, 448-49, 452 biliary cysts, 457 biliary diversion, 624t biliary dyskinesia, 455 biliary sludge, 443, 454 biliary tract see bile duct; gallbladder bilirubin: children, 615-17; and cholelithiasis, 440-43, 452; excess, 467-68; in digestion, 250-51; jaundice, 30-32; tests, 470 bilirubin diglucuronide, 467 binding agents, 221t, 364t, 555 biofeedback training, 367 biopsy, 98, 474-75 biotin deficiency, 58t bisacodyl, 238t bisexuality, 289, 296, 301-2 bismuth compounds, 159, 229 bismuth subsalicylate compounds, 180 Bitot’s spots, 208t, 210t black liver, 478 Blastocystis hominis, 375 bleeding see also blood; hemorrhage; esophagus, 7, 111, 131; gastric ulcers, 146; GI tract, 34-37, 260, 392-96, 527-29; gums, 208t, 210t; in liver disease, 469, 504, 518, 538, 539t, 540; in malassimilation, 206, 210t, 211; rectal, 255, 323-27, 357, 360, 380-81, 386-88 blind loop syndrome, 595 bloating see also distention, 15, 17-18, 296 blood in stool: about, 34-37; children, 571, 595, 598; in esophageal disorders, 97; in gastrointestinal disorders, 221, 226, 230, 325-26, 354-55; in ischemia, 280, 283; investigating, 20, 24, 27, 30 blood in vomit, 34, 96, 131, 557, 575t blood loss see also bleeding; clinical features, 35; critical, 34-35, 37; esophageal, 126; gastrointestinal, 313, 334 blood replacement, 334, 341, 482, 491, 499, 529
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blood supply: anus, 378-79; esophagus, 89; liver, 462-63; splanchnic organs, 265-67; stomach, 136-37, 137f blood transfusion risks, 289 blood urea nitrogen, 393 Boerhaave’s syndrome, 131 bombesin see gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP) bone age, children, 584, 585t bone deformities, 590 bone disease, 457 bones: in celiac disease, 244; in malassimilation, 209t, 212 borborygmi see gas bougienage, 128, 131 bowel habits, 19 bowel sounds, 44 bradycardia, 56 brain tumor, 14 breast carcinoma, 124t breastfeeding, 598-99, 604, 617-18 breathlessness, 33 bronchospasm, 575t brown bowel syndrome, 61t bruising, 208t, 210t, 469 brush cytology, 98 Budd-Chiari syndrome, 510t, 525t, 556 budesonide, 334 bulbar poliomyelitis, 114t burbulence see gas Burkitt’s lymphoma, 301 burns, 409t, 454 burping see gas butyrate, 60-61, 351 butyric acid, 236, 250